CNC Machining: The Type and Classification of CNC Machining Machine Tools, The Basis of CNC Machining

59 | Published by VMT at Dec 31 2021

There are many types of CNC machining machines, which can be classified into different categories from different angles and different classification standards. Today we are going to introduce one of two classification methods. It is classified according to the movement mode and the control mode. The specific content is as follows:

According to the point of movement of the CNC machining machine tool:

(1) Position control system

Only the position of the control tool can be moved from one point to another, and in the process of not moving. CNC machining such as jig boring machine, drilling machine, punching machine, etc. Coordinates have high positioning accuracy. In order to improve the efficiency of CNC machining, the CNC machining machine tool group with the highest feed speed is used to move, graded or continuously decelerated before closing the anchor point, so that the low speed reaches the finish line, thereby reducing the movement of CNC machining The inertia of the parts is over-adjusted, causing positioning errors. Movement in the positioning process does not require CNC machining, so there is no requirement for the trajectory.

(2) Linear control system

The linear control system refers to the precise movement that is controlled from one position to another at a certain speed along the direction parallel to the axis. Also known as point linear motion control system.

(3) Profile control system

It is to control two or more axes at the same time (two semi-axis, two-axis, three-axis, four-axis, five-axis linkage). It not only controls the start and end coordinates of the moving parts of the machine, but also controls the entire process The speed, direction and displacement of each link, namely the processing of trajectory control, formulate the required contour. The slope of the trajectory is any straight line, arc, spiral, etc. This kind of machine tool numerical control device has the most complete functions. It can control more than two coordinates and coordinate linkage, and can control points and lines.

According to the function or type of CNC machining parts, CNC machining machine tools can be divided into five types: CNC milling machine, CNC lathe, CNC drilling machine, CNC plasma cutting machine and CNC grinder.

CNC machining and milling machine: used for CNC machining and manufacturing of shapes, grooves, holes, notches, grooves, pockets and special surfaces, and execute the machining process of CNC milling parts, that is, the rotating cutting tool on the grinding machine to take out the CNC from the fixed workpiece Processing materials.

CNC lathe: It is used in the process of CNC machining and manufacturing of cylindrical objects and machining CNC turning parts. When the material block rotates quickly on the spindle, the tool will form the CNC machining part.

CNC drilling machine: used to drill holes on CNC machined parts. This tool can quickly and accurately locate the drilling position. The precision drilling machine can also carry out reaming, back drilling and tapping.

CNC plasma cutting machine: a plasma cutting torch for cutting metal, including the use of thermal plasma accelerated jets to cut conductive materials.

CNC grinder: The machine uses a rotating wheel to grind or grind the material into the desired shape, which is easier to program than CNC milling machines and lathes.

According to the number of axes, CNC machine tools can generally be divided into five categories: 2-axis CNC machine tools, 2.5-axis CNC machine tools, 3-axis CNC machine tools, 4-axis CNC machine tools and 5-axis CNC machine tools.

2 axis CNC machining machine tool: A machine is only allowed to enter two axes, such as a lathe, and the tool moves in two directions, such as X and Z.

2.5-axis CNC machining machine tool: It is also a three-axis system, but the movement is not three-dimensional. The X-axis and Y-axis first move to the position, and then the third axis starts to work, such as drilling machines and tapping machines.

Three-axis CNC machining machine tool: Three-axis (X, Y, and Z) move simultaneously in three dimensions. It is the most widely used and most versatile machine tool. It can achieve high precision and high precision, and can be used for automatic/interactive operations and milling grooves. , Drilling and cutting sharp edges.

Four-axis CNC machining machine tool: A three-axis machine tool that rotates again on the A-axis or B-axis. Common examples are vertical or horizontal machine tools. In the case of four-axis CNC machining, milling is performed on the additional axis, and the operations on X, Y, and Z are the same as the three-axis system, and the rotation on the A or B axis is performed around the X axis.

5-axis CNC machining machine tool: A three-axis CNC machining machine tool that additionally rotates in two directions (Y and Z) on the A-axis and B-axis, respectively, is rotated by the bed and the spindle movement (pivot point). The 5-axis machine tool is an advanced CNC machining machine. Its multi-dimensional rotation and tool movement allow the creation of precise and complex . This is due to improved access to the bottom and deep pockets, unparalleled finish and speed, usually used in aviation Advanced applications such as aerospace components, artificial bones, titanium parts, oil and gas machinery parts, and military products.

Originally published at https://www.machining-custom.com.